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Human rights violations during the military government of Chile refer to the acts of human rights abuses, persecution of opponents, political repression and state terrorism committed by the Chilean armed forces and the Police, government agents and civilians in the service of security agencies, during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile since September 11, 1973, until March 11, 1990. According to the Commission of Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig Commission) and the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (Valech Commission), the number of direct victims of human rights violations in Chile, it accounts for at least 35,000 people: 28,000 were tortured, 2,279 were executed, and 1,248 went missing. In addition some of 200,000 people have suffered exile and an unknown number would have gone through clandestine centers and illegal detention. The systematic human rights violations that were committed by the military government of Chile, under General Augusto Pinochet, included gruesome acts of physical and sexual abuse, as well as psychological damage. From September 11, 1973 to March 11, 1990, Chilean armed forces, the police and all those aligned with the military junta were involved in institutionalizing fear and terror in Chile.〔"Thomas Skidmore, ''Modern Latin America,'' Oxford University Press., 2004, p. 134〕 The most prevalent forms of state-sponsored torture that Chilean prisoners endured were electric shocks, waterboarding, beatings, and sexual abuse. Another common mechanism of torture employed was “disappearing” those who were deemed to be potentially subversive because they adhered to the Leftist doctrine. The tactic of “disappearing” the enemies of the Pinochet regime was systematically carried out during the first four years of military rule. The "disappeared" were held in secret, subjected to torture and were often never seen again. Both the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (Valech Report) and the Commission of Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig Report) approximate that there were 35,000 victims of human rights abuses in Chile, with 28,000 tortured, 2,279 executed and 1,248 “disappeared.”〔" Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation", (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993), vol. I/II, Foreword, xxi-xxii., http://www.usip.org/files/resources/collections/truth_commissions/Chile90-Report/Chile90-Report.pdf〕 == History == The military rule was characterized by systematic suppression of all political dissidence, which led some to speak of a ''"politicide"'' (or "political genocide").〔() The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone〕 Steve J. Stern spoke of a politicide to describe "a systematic project to destroy an entire way of doing and understanding politics and governance." The worst violence occurred in the first three months of the coup's aftermath, with the number of suspected leftists killed or "disappeared" (''desaparecidos'') soon reaching into the thousand.〔() BBC: Finding Chile's disappeared〕 In the days immediately following the coup, the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs informed Henry Kissinger, that the National Stadium was being used to hold 5,000 prisoners, and as late as 1975, the CIA was still reporting that up to 3,811 prisoners were still being held in the Stadium.〔(Thinking About Terrorism: The Threat to Civil Liberties in a Time of National Emergency, Michael E. Tigar, pp. 37-38, American Bar Association, 2007 )〕 Amnesty International, reported that as many as 7,000 political prisoners in the National Stadium had been counted on 22 September 1973.〔Chile: an Amnesty International report,, p. 16, Amnesty International Publications, 1974.〕 Nevertheless, it is often quoted in the press, that some 40,000 prisoners were detained in the Stadium.〔() El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años〕 Some of the most famous cases of ''"desaparecidos"'' are Charles Horman, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself,〔() New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military〕 Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara, and the October 1973 Caravan of Death (''Caravana de la Muerte'') where at least 70 persons were killed.〔() BBC: Caravan of Death〕 Other operations include Operation Colombo during which hundreds of left-wing activists were murdered and Operation Condor, carried out with the security services of other Latin American dictatorships. Following Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the 1991 Rettig Commission, a multipartisan effort from the Aylwin administration to discover the truth about the human-rights violations, listed a number of torture and detention centers (such as Colonia Dignidad, the ship ''Esmeralda'' or Víctor Jara Stadium), and found that at least 3,200 people were killed or disappeared by the regime. A later report, the Valech Report (published in November 2004), confirmed the figure of 3,200 deaths but dramatically reduced the alleged cases of disappearances. It tells of some 28,000 arrests in which the majority of those detained were incarcerated and in a great many cases tortured.〔() Valech Report〕 Some 30,000 Chileans were exiled and received abroad,〔Augusto Pinochet's Chile, Diana Childress, p.92, Twenty First century Books, 2009〕〔Chile en el umbral de los noventa: quince años que condicionan el futuro, Jaime Gazmuri & Felipe Agüero, p. 121, Planeta, 1988〕〔(Chile: One Carrot, Many Sticks, Monday, Aug. 22, 1983.TIME MAGAZINE. )〕 in particular in Argentina, as political refugees; however, they were followed in their exile by the DINA secret police, in the frame of Operation Condor which linked South-American dictatorships together against political opponents.〔() LIFTING OF PINOCHET'S IMMUNITY RENEWS FOCUS ON OPERATION CONDOR〕 Some 20,000-40,000 Chilean exiles were holders of passports stamped with the letter "L" (which stood for ''lista nacional''), identifyng them as ''persona non grata'' and had to seek permission before entering the country.〔Chile since the coup: ten years of repression, Cynthia G. Brown, pp.88-89, Americas Watch, 1983.〕 Nevertheless, Chilean Human Rights groups maintain several hundred thousand were forced into exile.〔 According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights (ILAS), "situations of extreme trauma" affected about 200,000 persons; this figure includes individuals killed, tortured (following the UN definition of torture), or exiled and their immediate relatives. While more radical groups such as the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) were staunch advocates of a Marxist revolution, it is currently accepted that the junta deliberately targeted nonviolent political opponents as well A court in Chile sentenced, on March 19, 2008, 24 former police officers in cases of kidnapping, torture and murder that happened just after a U.S.-backed coup overthrew President Salvador Allende, a Socialist, on September 11, 1973. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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